More than 400,000 people in the United States are currently receiving hemodialysis as a life sustaining treatment for end stage renal disease. Patients that are affected by this illness must understand the differences that exist between the many different types of access that can be created to receive hemodialysis. The three main types of access that currently exist for hemodialysis are arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous graft, and central venous catheter. The lifespan of these different types of dialysis access varies. Understanding these differences can help you become part of the discussion with your physician to determine which access is best for you.
Types of Dialysis Access
- Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) An arteriovenous fistula is created by connecting an artery directly to a vein. This type of access is considered the best type of access due to its superior lifespan and lower complication rates. However, not all patients are candidates for AVF due to anatomical considerations along with other factors.
- Arteriovenous Graft (AVG) An arteriovenous graft involves using a synthetic tube to connect an artery to a vein. This option is often chosen when the patient’s veins are not ideal for creating an AVF. While AVGs can be used sooner after creation in contrast to an AVF, they generally have a shorter lifespan and slightly higher risk of complications.
- Central Venous Catheters This is the least desirable of all hemodialysis access options because it carries the highest morbidity (infection and scarring to main veins). It should only be used for patients that need immediate dialysis access that don’t have another access, and ideally should be removed as soon as an extremity access can be created and used.
Type of Access
- AVF: AVFs tend to last longer given the fact that there is no artificial material implanted. 75% of patients with AVF will still have them functioning after two years with appropriate surveillance,
- AVG: AVGs typically have a shorter lifespan due to the use of synthetic materials. They are also more prone to infections and clotting.
Patient Anatomy
- The decision to place one access over another is largely based on anatomic features that an individual possesses (i.e. size and health of a patient’s veins). This is largely determined by an ultrasound that is performed on the patient’s arms before an access is created.
Surgical Expertise
- The skill and experience of the surgeon creating the access can greatly influence its effectiveness and longevity. An expertly created access is more likely to function well and last longer.
Patient Health and Care
- Maintaining overall health, managing conditions like diabetes and hypertension, and adhering to good hygiene practices around the access site can significantly impact the lifespan of the access point.
Regular Monitoring and Maintenance
- Regular check-ups and monitoring for complications such as infections, clotting, or narrowing (stenosis) can help prolong the life of your access. Early intervention when problems are detected can prevent more severe issues and extend the lifespan of the access.
Expected Lifespan and Management
While all dialysis access points will eventually fail, understanding their expected lifespan can help you manage your treatment plan effectively. Here are some tips for maximizing the longevity of your dialysis access:
- Follow-up Care Instructions: Adhere to the care instructions provided by your healthcare team to minimize the risk of infections and other complications.
- Regular Monitoring: Attend all scheduled appointments for monitoring your access. Early detection of issues can lead to prompt treatment and prevent further complications.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy lifestyle by managing your diet, exercise, and any underlying health conditions. Good overall health supports better vascular health and can extend the life of your access.
- Communicate with Your Healthcare Team: Report any changes or issues with your access immediately to your healthcare provider.
Understanding the lifespan of your dialysis access and the factors that affect it can allow you to take proactive steps in managing your treatment. Whether you have an AVF or AVG, working closely with your healthcare team and following best practices for care can help ensure the longest possible use of your access, providing you with the best quality of life during dialysis.
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